Is it safe to travel across these borders by bus?

Yes, provided you travel during daylight hours and use reputable tourist shuttle companies for the actual border crossings.

Do I need a printed itinerary for immigration?

It is highly recommended. Many officials will ask for proof of onward travel, such as a bus ticket leaving the country you are entering.

Planning an overland route through Central America

Plan a north-to-south route starting in Mexico and ending in Panama to follow the Pan-American Highway. Spend at least 3 weeks to cover the highlights without burning out on long bus rides.

Map your border crossings. Confirm which border crossings are open to foreigners. Use the 'Tica Bus' network or 'Cristóbal Colón' for reliable long-distance regional connections between capitals.
Budget for 'Exit Fees'. Nearly every land border crossing in Central America will charge a small fee ($2–$10) to stamp your passport. Keep crisp, small-denomination USD bills on hand at all times.
Prioritize direct shuttles over public buses. For safety and speed, use tourist shuttle companies (like Gekko or Inter-Bus) for crossing between popular spots like Antigua, Guatemala and Leon, Nicaragua. Public 'chicken buses' are cheap but add 4-6 hours to every trip.
Sync with the seasons. Travel between December and April to avoid the rainy season. Roads, especially in Costa Rica and Panama, can wash out during the peak of the rainy season (September/October).

Is it safe to travel across these borders by bus?: Yes, provided you travel during daylight hours and use reputable tourist shuttle companies for the actual border crossings.
Do I need a printed itinerary for immigration?: It is highly recommended. Many officials will ask for proof of onward travel, such as a bus ticket leaving the country you are entering.