Is it cheaper to fly or take the bus between countries?

Almost always the bus. Budget airlines often have hidden fees for luggage that make a 20 USD flight cost 80 USD. Buses are cheaper and deliver you to the city center.

Do I need to carry cash?

Yes. While major cities accept cards, small bakeries, local buses, and rural hostels often only accept the local currency (e.g., Serbian Dinar, Polish Zloty).

How to Plan a Budget Eastern Europe Itinerary

Prioritize overland travel via bus and train, stick to local grocery stores for breakfast and lunch, and utilize free walking tours instead of guided excursions. Allocate 35–45 USD per day to cover hostels, street food, and regional transport in cities like Sofia, Belgrade, and Budapest.

Use buses over trains. In Eastern Europe, bus companies like FlixBus or local equivalents are significantly cheaper and often more direct than rail networks. Book at least 3 days in advance to secure tickets under 15 USD between major cities.
Master the 'Lunch Special' strategy. Most restaurants in the region offer a 'dnevni meni' or business lunch between 12:00 and 15:00. You can get a two-course meal for 5–7 USD, which should be your primary hot meal of the day.
Prioritize walking cities. Most historic capitals like Sarajevo, Krakow, and Bucharest are highly walkable. Skip the 10 USD daily transit passes and rely on your feet; you'll see more of the city and save your budget for evening activities.
Use regional discount cards. Check if the city has a 'City Card' that includes museums and transport. If you plan to visit 3+ museums in a day, these cards usually break even.

Is it cheaper to fly or take the bus between countries?: Almost always the bus. Budget airlines often have hidden fees for luggage that make a 20 USD flight cost 80 USD. Buses are cheaper and deliver you to the city center.
Do I need to carry cash?: Yes. While major cities accept cards, small bakeries, local buses, and rural hostels often only accept the local currency (e.g., Serbian Dinar, Polish Zloty).