Is it worth buying a tourist city pass?

Only if you plan to visit at least 3 paid museums or attractions in a single day. Otherwise, you are better off paying for individual entries.

How do I avoid ATM fees?

Use a bank card that refunds international ATM fees and always select 'decline conversion' if the ATM offers to charge you in your home currency.

How to stretch your budget while backpacking

Prioritize free walking tours, cook at least two meals a day in hostel kitchens, and choose overnight transport to save on accommodation costs. Stick to a strict daily cash allowance and track every purchase in a mobile app to prevent overspending.

Audit your daily burn rate. Before you leave, determine your maximum daily spend. Include 20% extra as a 'buffer fund' for emergencies or unplanned transport mishaps. If your budget is $50/day, aim to spend only $40 so the remainder builds your buffer.
Master the hostel kitchen. Eating out three times a day will kill your budget. Shop at local grocery stores for breakfast staples like oats, bananas, and coffee, and buy pasta or rice for dinners. Use the hostel's communal fridge to store perishables.
Use public transport only. Never use airport taxis or rideshare apps. Research the local bus or train lines that connect the airport to the city center before you arrive. Use city walkability maps to avoid paying for transit altogether once you are in the city.
Ditch the daily laundry service. Hostels often charge per item for laundry. Pack a travel-sized bottle of detergent and wash your socks and underwear in the bathroom sink. Air dry them overnight.

Is it worth buying a tourist city pass?: Only if you plan to visit at least 3 paid museums or attractions in a single day. Otherwise, you are better off paying for individual entries.
How do I avoid ATM fees?: Use a bank card that refunds international ATM fees and always select 'decline conversion' if the ATM offers to charge you in your home currency.